大型望远镜四通形位误差检测方法研究

	大型望远镜四通形位误差检测方法研究
其他题名	Study on Measurement Design of Form and Position Error for Center Block in Large Telescope
	刘晓宇
学位类型	硕士
导师	张景旭
	2015-11
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
学位专业	机械制造及其自动化
关键词	大口径望远镜四通形位误差激光跟踪仪自准直测量
摘要	随着国内大型光学望远镜的口径的不断增大，望远镜上的四通组件的尺寸也成倍加大。大型光学望远镜作为精密光机设备，要求具有相当高的跟踪精度，这就需要望远镜俯仰轴系在旋转过程中有较高的回转精度，在影响俯仰轴系回转精度的诸多因素中，四通组件的形位误差是一个不可忽略的误差来源。现在2m及以上口径望远镜的四通件，由于没有有效的检测手段来准确测量其的形位误差，则不能准确的指导四通两端的配合面的后续修磨，所以现在的大型四通件的精度只能依靠机床自身的加工精度来保证。这就对四通组件形位误差的检测方法的研究提出了迫切的要求，但由于四通件尺寸大、两圆柱端面跨距大、精度要求高等特点，对于4米级的大口径望远镜其四通件的两圆柱用于定位的端面距离可以达到6米左右，使其形位误差的检测难度大大提高。本论文主要研究内容包括：研究了激光跟踪仪的结构组成以及工作原理，分析了影响激光跟踪仪测距和测角精度的主要因素。根据四通结构件单站测量只能测得四通一端端面的坐标的特点，提出了转站测量的方法，并通过实验确定了激光跟踪仪的转站精度，完成了激光跟踪仪对四通的测量实验，并与三坐标测量机的测量结果进行了对比分析。根据四通形位误差的测量要求，提出并搭建了一套更方便快捷的光学测量系统，对测量系统进行了误差分析。最后通过实验验证了该测量系统对四通垂直度、平行度等形位误差测量的可行性。建立了形位误差的数学模型，用MATLAB对测量结果进行了数据处理，并采用GUM评定方法和蒙特卡洛法对测量结果的不确定度进行了评定，得到了不同类型形位误差的不确定度。本文所提出测量方法不仅可以满足2m口径望远镜四通形位误差的检测需求，对4m及更大口径的望远镜四通件的形位误差的检测与激光跟踪仪相比具有明显的优势，并且对大型轴孔类结构件的形位光差检测具有一定的借鉴意义。
其他摘要	With increasing of the aperture of domestic large optical telescope, the size of center block in the telescope increase. A fine machine equipment requires very high tracking precision, which requires pitch shaft of telescope has a high rotation accuracy. In many factors the form and position error of center block is not negligible error sources. Now for the center block of 2-meter telescope and larger telescope, because there is not effective detection means to accurately measure its form and position error, which cannot accurately guide the follow-up repair. So now the accuracy of large center block can only rely on the accuracy of machine tools. The research on detection method of form and position error for center block is put forward urgent requirements, but due to size of the center block, two cylindrical end span, accuracy higher characteristic, and two cylinder distance of center block in 4-meters aperture telescope can reach 6 meters ,so the form and position error detection is much more difficult. The main research contents of this paper: Study the laser tracker system structure and working principle, and analyze the main factors that affect the laser tracker ranging and angular measurement accuracy. According to the center block structure of single station measurements can only be measured characteristics of the coordinates of the four through the end of the proposed transfer station measurement method, and through the experiment to determine the laser tracker in the transfer station accuracy. Last, center block form and position error is measured precisely. According to the requirement of the center block form and position error measurement, study of existing measuring method on form and position error for large structure, built up a more convenient and efficient optical measurement method and analyze its accuracy. Through the experiment, the feasibility of the measurement method of center block perpendicularity, parallelism measurement is verified. The least square mathematical model of the form and position error is established, and the results are processed by MATLAB. The uncertainty of measurement results is evaluated by GUM method and Monte Carlo method. The proposed measurement method can not only meet the 2m telescope center block form and position error measurement requirement. And compared with laser tracker, it has obvious advantages about 4-meter telescope and larger telescope. But also it will play a certain reference significance for large shaft-hole structure.
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.ciomp.ac.cn/handle/181722/49247
专题	中科院长春光机所知识产出
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	刘晓宇. 大型望远镜四通形位误差检测方法研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2015.

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